Boston GreenScene is a great new site promoting green living in the Boston area.
I wrote an environmental economics article for the launch, check it out by clicking on the picture:
Boston GreenScene is a great new site promoting green living in the Boston area.
I wrote an environmental economics article for the launch, check it out by clicking on the picture:
Our current CO2 emissions are already above the UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) projections. (IPCC report)
We are headed towards a future which is even more dangerous than the report’s most pessimistic scenarios.
This figure shows the past and current global warming, showing clear evidence of the man caused temperature increase.
Different surface warming scenarios are also shown, red representing the worst case scenario:

IPCC
The following figure from a recent study shows that we are currently above the worst case scenario projections (A1FI-red line).
A1FI (high) projections were of +2.7% increase of Co2 emissions per year, but the actual growth is at +3.5% per year (from 2000-2007).

Raupach et al., PNAS, 2007
This means that our temperature will increase more than 5 °C by the end of the century. How many degrees and how fast our temperatures will rise is still uncertain, but we will see the impacts of global warming in our lifetime, that’s almost guaranteed.
Following is a summary of some of the consequences of climate change:

Stern review on the economics of climate change, 2006


The cattle industry is responsible for 80% of the deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon according to a recent report by Greenpeace : “Amazon Cattle Footprint”.
Brazil has rapidly become the world’s largest beef exporter:

USDA
Over the last ten years more that 10 million hectares of forest (an area about the size of Iceland) has been cleared for cattle ranching. And the figures are rapidly increasing; the Brazilian government wants to double the beef production by 60% , and most of this expansion will take place in the Amazon, where land is cheap and available.

Greenpeace
Industrial agriculture is also a large contributor to the Amazon deforestation, soy plantations are on the rise, mainly for bio-diesel and cattle feed production. Both cattle farmers and agribusiness are very powerful in Brazil, many of the country’s most influential politicians are linked to the industry.
A lot of money is being made at the expense of the Amazon, but the value of this ecosystem is far greater than what we are destroying it for. It’s terrifying to know that we’ll probably find out it’s real value when it’s too late.
The Amazon rain forest is one of the most biodiverse places on earth, being the home of at least 40,000 different plant, 430 mammal, 1399 bird, 500 amphibians and 3,000 fish species, and many others that we haven’t discovered yet (and could be potential cures for human diseases).
Deforestation causes over 20% of global carbon emission, more than the world’s entire transport sector. The Amazon is estimated to store over 120 billion tonnes of carbon, which would be equal to over 50 years of current US carbon emissions if destroyed.
Cattle ranching in the Amazon also has social impacts on the region, including the highest rates of slave labor in Brazil. In 2008, 3005 rural workers who were kept in slavery were freed from cattle ranches in the Amazon.
The Amazon is also home to over 300,000 indigenous people who depend on the forest for their food, shelter, tools and medicines.

Greenpeace believes that Brazil can reach zero deforestation by 2015 through stronger enforcement of its existing environmental laws such as asking landowners to keep 80 % of their land forested, promote sustainable development programs, increasing funding for monitoring and law enforcement, etc.
We as consumers can also do our part by reducing our carbon footprint. Some ways of doing so include reducing the quantity of meat that we consume, and checking its origin and how it was produced.
The greenhouse gas emissions from beef are 13 kilograms of CO2 per kg. This means that eating a kilogram of beef represents roughly the same greenhouse emissions as flying 100 kilometers of a flight, per passenger.
To know more about your carbon footprint go to this site.
Posted in Biodiversity, deforestation, Food, Global Warming
Tagged Amazon, Biodiversity, Cattle, deforestation

WWF-Kurt Prinz
We hear it in the news, we see it everywhere, forests are disappearing at an alarming rate.
Most of us are aware that deforestation is one of the most serious problems of the century, but we continue to flush old growth forests down our toilets.
Most people are extremely surprised when they learn that the two largest manufacturers of tissue products in the world still use virgin fiber from old growth forest to make toilet paper. It seems like a bad nightmare, but it’s a reality!
Kimberly-Clark (Kleenex, Scott, Scottex and Cottonelle) and Procter & Gamble (Bounty) sell millions of tons of tissue products in over 150 countries annually, making each over 14 billion US dollars of profit every year.
Their toilet papers are made with virgin fiber that comes from old growth boreal forests located in Canada, Russia and the Balkans. They also use virgin pulp from tropical forests located in Asia and Latin America.
WWF published in a recent report that “Every day, about 270,000 trees are flushed down the drain or end up as garbage all over the world”.
This is clearly unnecessary and it needs to stop!
You as the consumer have the power. Buying 100% post-consumer recycled toilet paper is a very easy way to protect some of the last old growth forest left in the world.
Yes, recycled toilet paper is not as soft , but it’s a very small sacrifice that can save millions of trees!
And anyways, how soft do you really need your toilet paper to be? You only use it a few seconds a day!
According to the NRDC, “ If every household in the United States replaced just one roll of virgin fiber toilet paper with 100% recycled ones, we could save 423,900 trees”.
There are tons of recycled toilet paper alternatives out there, these are just a few…
In the US: Seventh Generation, 365 (Whole Foods), Earth First and Green Forest . And Naturelle, Ecotopia and Essential in Europe among others.
Also note that the whiter the tissue, the more likely it is to contain high levels of virgin fibers and huge amounts of bleaching, which also has very negative impacts in the environment.
So from now on try to buy recycled toilet paper, and if your supermarket doesn’t carry it ask for it!
The consumer has the power. Vote with your money!
You can also ask Kimberly-Clark to stop using old growth forest here.
Sources:

Organic Choice- From thedailygreen.com
It can be difficult to know which products are OK if not organically grown, and which of the foods that we eat should be organic.
Some products are more heavily treated with pesticides than others, and some like tomatoes or grapes have very thin and permeable skins that easily allow synthetic chemicals to enter and stay in their tissues.
In a previous post I wrote about the different reasons why organic is better for you, the environment and local farmers.
Following you’ll find two tables showing which fruits and vegetables have high or low pesticide content. The columns under highest pesticide represent the fruits and veggies which have the highest amounts of pesticides in their tissues, and the green column (lowest pesticide) shows produce that are not as heavily treated with toxic chemicals.
If you regularly eat products from the red columns, be aware that those are some of the products with higher pesticide content, and if you are gonna buy any organic produce those should be the ones to consider.


You should also be aware that MILK contains high amounts of pesticides, hormones and other synthetic chemicals. Organic dairies cannot feed their cows with grains grown with pesticides, nor can they use antibiotics or growth hormones like rGBH or rbST, so if possible buy organic milk!
Are you ready to take a QUIZ?
It’s almost impossible to avoid all the man made chemicals that we are exposed to.
They are present in most of our daily activities: our food, or cosmetics, furniture, cleaning products, electronics, cars, etc.
Most of us have around 150 synthetic chemicals in our bodies, which we pass on to our babies through the mother’s blood stream or lactancy.
These chemicals are responsible for reproductive problems, birth defects, hormonal distruption, nervous system anomalies and cancer.

Here’s is a list of 10 synthetic chemicals that you can avoid without changing your lifestyle:
1-Bisphenol A (BPA)
This chemical is used to make certain plastics soft and pliable and it has been linked to hormonal disruption, heart disease, type II diabetes and liver enzyme abnormalities.
It leeks from plastic containers and also gets released when microwaving food inside plastic containers.
To avoid them buy food preserved in glass bottles and containers (especially tomatos, other acidic vegetables and oils).
2-Mercury
Mercury is found in almost every fish on earth, but the higher in the food chain the higher levels of mercury (it bioacumulates).
Mercury is emitted by coal burning power plants, oil refineries, medical waste disposal facilitties, and also from the combustion of diesel, jet fuel, and heating oil, and then released to the land and oceans.
Doctors recommend pregnant women not to eat fish because it can cause mental retardation in unborn babies.
Many studies suggest that our fish consumption should be limited because mercury can also cause dephiciencies in the motor system and kidney damage.
Tuna, swordfish and marlin have the highest mercury concetrations, and sardines, wild salmon and anchovies some of the lowest.
3-Pesticides
I already wrote about the health effects of pesticides in a previous post.
Organophosphate pesticides have immediate effects on the nervous system, motor function and attention span. Other pesticides (Carbaryl) are listed as human carcinogens, and linked to a higher incidence of infant brain cancer and non-Hodgkins lymphoma.
Avoid them by buying organic fruits, vegetables, milk and meat.
4-Perfluorinated Compounds (PFCs)
A family of fluorine chemicals with unique properties to make materials stain and stick resistant.
They are found in Teflon pans, water resistant clothing, stain resistant textiles (for sofas, etc.), grease resistant packaging, and cosmetics.
Researchers are finding serious health concerns about PFCs, including increased risk of cancer.
In order to avoid them stay away from oily or greasy packaged food, avoid stain resistant treatments for fabrics, avoid cosmetics containing any “fluoro” or “perfluoro” ingredients (they are present in eye make up, dental products, moisturisers, etc) and avoid burning teflon or non stick cookware.
5-Phthalates:
Phthalates are plasticizing and softening chemicals used in a wide array of consumer products, especially those ccontaining PVC (polyvinyl chloride).
They are present in PVC products such as vinyl flooring, vinyl shower curtains, and children’s toys. Also in many personal care products, such as perfumes, nail polish, and lotions, automobile interiors and medical equipment.
In several studies they have been found to cause reproductive problems and asthma.
There have been many companies, hospitals and government agencies that are switching to other alternative safer materials, and if possible you should limit the n of pvc’s in you home.

6-Nonylphenol & Nonylphenol Ethoxylates
Nonylphenol compounds are effective and cheap solvents used in cleaning products.
There are many safer substitutes, so simply don’t accept any “nonylphenol” on the ingredient list of products in your house because they can severely affect your reproductive system.
They are used in mattresses, electronics, plastics and other materials to prevent them from catching fire and burning.
Even if some states (such as California,etc.) and Europe have banned them,studies in the U.S., Europe, and Asia have found them in fish, meat, eggs, fruits, vegetables, and infant formula.
Adverse health effects include problems in brain development and genital malformations.
Avoid polybrominates by buying clothing, bedding and furniture made from natural materials.
8-Glycol ethers
There is a whole range of glycol ethers, many of which are relatively safe. However, the dangerous ones can cause birth defects and lower quality and quantity of sperm.
Look out for methyl cellosolve, Ethylene Glycol Ethyl Ether, Ethylene Glycol Methyl Ether Acetate, and Ethylene Glycol Ethyl Ether Acetate.
They are commonly used in paints, inks, house cleaners, detergents, etc.
9-Aluminum
Aluminum is the world’s most common metal, and it’s present in many products around us.
It is used in cans and aluminum foil, as lightweight sheet metal in airplanes and other machinery, in electrical wiring and in personal care products such as deodorant and antiperspirant.
The problem with deodorants and antiperspirants is not only the aluminum, but how it works to reduce sweat and smelly odors.
Aluminum compounds or aluminum salts, such as aluminum oxide are key ingredients in almost every antiperspirant. They are powerful astringents that close pores, stopping sweat and odor from escaping the body.
Antiperspirants may leave the outside of the body smelling fresh and clean , but inside, the toxins that would have escaped the body in the sweat have nowhere to go.
What’s more, “antiperspirants are designed to be absorbed”; the aluminum and many other chemicals are taken into the body and may affect the endocrine and lymphatic systems, as well as being a potential risk factor in breast cancer.
Aluminum has not only been linked to breast cancer, but many studies have shown links between between Alzheimer’s disease and aluminum.
Avoid buying deodorants with aluminum in it, check for the ingredient list!
10-Sodium Lauryl Sulphate
Sodium Lauryl Sulphate is a very harsh detergent found in almost all shampoos and a few toothpastes.
Studies suggest that “Shampoos with SLS could keep children’s eyes from developing properly”.
It can also cause cataracts in adults and delays the healing of wounds in the surface of the cornea.
It has a “low molecular weight and so is easily absorbed by the body, building up in the heart, liver and brain and can cause major problems in these areas.
Sodium Lauryl Sulphate causes skin to flake and to separate and causes roughness on the skin.
After long term applications it actually corrodes the hair follicle and impairs the ability to grow hair.
“Sodium Lauryl Sulphate is routinely used in clinical studies deliberately to irritate the skin so that the effects of other substances can be tested.”
Check the ingredients in your shampoo right now, I assure you they have Sodium Lauryl Sullhpate in it!

We have to learn to check the ingredients in the products that we buy and know their properties.
We trust our governments and chemical regulations, but they still have a long way to go, so staying out of these dangerous chemicals is up to you!
SOURCES:
The Orangutan is one of our closest and most enigmatic relatives, sharing 97% of our DNA.
Their name is derived from the Malaysian words orang hutan, which means the person of the forest.
According to recent research, orangutans are the world’s most intelligent animal other than humans, with higher learning and problem solving ability than chimpanzees, which were previously considered to have greater abilities.
They have been documented to use tools like chimpanzees, but also have been found capable of other tasks beyond chimpanzees’ abilities such as using leaves to make rain hats and leak proof roofs over their sleeping nests.
But there are still many questions about their intelligence and social behaviour that will probably remain unanswered.
It is now clear that if their habitat continues to be destroyed at the current rate, they will be extinct in 5 to 8 years.
There are only an estimated 50,000 orangutans left in the wild, 90 % of them are in Indonesia and the rest in Malaysia. Most live in small, scattered populations that cannot take the destruction on the forests much longer. Trees are being cut at a rate of 300 football fields every day. The majority of the cleared forest is being converted into huge oil palm plantations.

Forest fires from the air

Forest fire-Palm oil plantation
Palm oil is currently considered the most productive source of biodiesel fuel, and Indonesia and Malaysia account for 83 % of its global production.
A United Nations report has found that “illegal logging and fires have been overtaken as the primary cause of deforestation by a huge expansion of oil palm plantations, which are racing to meet the increasing demand from western food manufacturers and the European Union’s increased demand for biofuels.”
But several new studies show that the biodiesel boom is doing exactly the opposite of what its supporters intended: it’s dramatically accelerating global warming instead of saving us from it.
The basic problem with most biofuels is very simple: using land to grow fuel leads to the destruction of forests that store enormous amounts of carbon. Indonesia has burned so much forest to grow palm oil trees for biodiesel that its ranking among the world’s top carbon emitters.
The studies which favored biofuels did not take into consideration whether the crops would ultimately replace vegetation and soils that sucked up even more carbon. It was as if they assumed biofuels would be grown in parking lots.
One groundbreaking new study in Science concluded that when this deforestation effect is taken into account, corn ethanol and soy and palm biodiesel produce about twice the emissions of gasoline.

Oil palm plantation
But while the western world drives their cars fueled by biodiesel from palm oil, more than 5.000 orangutans die every year.

Dr. Birute Mary Galdikas and baby Orangutan
Dr. Galdikas, a pioneer in Orangutan conservation (the Jane Goodall of Orangutans but not as famous) runs a rehabilitation center with more than 300 animals orphaned when their mothers were killed by palm oil plantation workers.
In a recent article she explains that “Many come in very badly wounded, suffering from malnutrition, psychological and emotional and even physical trauma”. After years of being cared for in the center, they introduce them back to the wild, but she explains that “it is getting harder and harder to find good, safe forest in which to free them”.
Friends of the Earth state in their report “Oil for Ape” that “Destructive oil-palm plantations will continue to spread, and the forests of Borneo and Sumatra will continue to be destroyed, unless the governments of Indonesia and Malaysia recognize the customary land rights of indigenous peoples and local communities”.
The Indonesian government took the indigenous land and is now selling it to the Palm Oil corporations. They are both making more money than they could ever imagine.
Don’t be fooled by this fuel; biofuels are not clean energy. Not only do they contribute to carbon emissions by replacing forests, but also kill thousands of animals by destroying their habitat, and the Orangutans have very little time left.

Check out these videos and organizations to learn more about them and about what you can do:
UN : “The last stand of the Orangutan” (PDF)
Posted in Biodiversity, Energy, Global Warming
Tagged biodiesel, biofuel, deforestation, orangutan